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4/21/2009 IPPIC Marine Antifouling Coatings Task Force Position paper on Invasive Species and Biofouling

10/4/2006 ICA Copper in the Environment Copper is a natural element – a metal that has been one of mankind’s most useful and valuable materials since time immemorial. It is represented by the chemical symbol Cu and the atomic number 29. Copper is also an essential nutrient that is required by virtually all higher life forms. A natural element in the earth’s crust, copper has been incorporated into living organisms throughout the evolutionary process. Without copper, life as we know it would be impossible for most of earth’s organisms. Nature, in its myriad forms, is exceedingly well adapted to making best use of copper and protecting itself from any negative effects. This holds true at the most basic level of chemical reactions, right up to the most complex metabolic functions of the human body.

10/4/2006 Copper in the Ocean Environment A number of studies were reviewed that investigate copper concentrations in ocean water, sediments and organisms. The purpose of reviewing the studies was to compare natural versus anthropogenic copper concentrations. It was found that large variations in concentrations do occur in ocean water, sediments and organisms due to both naturally occurring and anthropogenic copper. Copper is an essential micronutrient to both plants and animals. As such, organisms were found to have mechanisms to deal with copper levels in their environment from both natural and anthropogenic copper within the ranges studied. It was also concluded that when studying copper in the environment both natural varying copper levels and varying concentrations due to anthropoge nic copper must be considered.

10/4/2006 Review of Studies Pertaining to Copper’s Use in Antifouling What should we expect from an antifouling (a.i.)? Safe, no handling hazards Effective against fouling organismsat the surface of the underwater hull No or minimaleffect on non target organisms

10/4/2006 Marine Paint Friend or Foe A number of studies were reviewed that investigate copper concentration in ocean water, sediments and organisms.