Fouling of underwater surfaces poses significant challenges for the global maritime sector. The attachment and growth of barnacles, algae, and other organisms can damage vessels, significantly decrease fuel economy and maneuverability, and transmit invasive species. To minimize these negative impacts, the maritime sector relies on effective antifouling coatings. Copper is by far the most widely used active ingredient (AI) in antifouling coatings and there are a limited number of alternatives.
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